civil war :: essays research papers

The main significant land fight was battled at Bull Run in Virginia in 1861. The men who were fighters in these armed forces were volunteers who decided to do battle. They needed to win a fast triumph yet rather found that there was a ton of walking and drill, living outside, illness, awful climate, and fatigue. Where did all the fighters who battled at Gettysburg originate from? For what reason did they decide to do battle? How were the armed forces unique? How were they so much indistinguishable? Exactly who were "Billy Yank" and "Johnny Reb"?Welcome! You're presumably here in light of the fact that you are interested about our country's past and the Civil War. At Gettysburg National Military Park, it is the officer student of history's business to examine this dubious time in our country's history and give a clarification, or understanding, of these occasions to stop guests. Sound intriguing? All things considered, it is! Investigate these pages and check whether you have the stuff to be a lesser history specialist! What began the Civil War? The Civil War didn't start at Gettysburg. It started in 1861 when Southern states pronounced themselves free by severance and framed the Confederacy. The United States was part into equal parts and an awful Civil War was the outcome. What Caused the Civil War? The primary significant land fight was battled at Bull Run in Virginia in 1861. The men who were troopers in these militaries were volunteers who decided to do battle. They needed to win a speedy triumph yet rather found that there was a great deal of walking and drill, living outside, illness, terrible climate, and fatigue. Where did all the fighters who battled at Gettysburg originate from? For what reason did they decide to do battle? How were the armed forces unique? How were they so much indistinguishable? Exactly who were "Billy Yank" and "Johnny Reb"? 1863 was the most basic year of the Civil War and for the expectations of the Confederacy. For a long time, the Union and Confederate armed forces in the east struggled with one another in Virginia and in Maryland. Confederate General Robert E. Lee prompted Confederate president Jefferson Davis that everything looked good to attack the North that mid year. In June, very nearly 78,000 Confederates advanced northward into Pennsylvania with the help of southern pioneers loaded up with high expectations that another triumph would guarantee freedom for the South. Their expectations were run at the Battle of Gettysburg, which occurred during the initial three days of July 1863.

Problems and Aspirations of Youth Essay Example for Free

Issues and Aspirations of Youth Essay Presentation: Giving hands a shot contemporary composition and afterward ruling over hearts of millions isn't that simple as has been demonstrated by one of the conspicuous authors of the day †Chetan Bhagat. Not very many creators have figured out how to contact such a wide crowd as Chetan Bhagat. There is inventiveness of substance in his works and when he composes individuals feel as though it is their story. He is a marvel that has influenced everyone, contacted everybody’s life. Indian Publishing will currently be isolated into pre and post Chetan Bhagat. He has made those sorts of milestones. Chetan Bhagat ventures his readers’ perspective in his compositions. As indicated by him,† A writer’s first occupation is to inspire an emotional response, and not to satisfy elitist circles,† He does it via thinking about his perusers and tuning in to them,† It can’t be only the language, as it is basically the basic language of the individuals. It is progressively about what is being said and conveyed that strikes a chord.† Chetan firmly accepts that the language ought to be informal a mainstream fiction must be a discourse with the individuals in the city. CHETAN BHAGAT:- A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Chetan Bhagat (conceived on 22 April,1974) is a contemporary Indian writer who has composed four books in particular :- â€Å" Five Point Someone-What not to do at IIT†, â€Å" One Night @ The Call Center†, â€Å"The 3 Mistakes of My Life† and â€Å"2 States: The Story of My Marriage†, individually. He experienced childhood in Delhi in a Punjabi family in an unsure home condition where his folks used to battle a great deal. His dad, a military official, was extremely exacting and he wasn’t permitted to sit in front of the TV or movies. Along these lines, Chetan and his sibling used to make up film stories and maybe that’s where this thoughtfulness of composing all jumped up. Bhagat went to Army Public School (1978-1991), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi. He contemplated Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi (1991-1995), and afterward learned at the Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmadabad (1995-1997), where he was named â€Å"The Best Outgoing Student† He went gaga for his IIM Ahmadabad cohort Anusha and they in the long run got hitched. His tale â€Å"2 States: The Story of My Marriage†, is an anecdotal rendition of his romantic tale. In the wake of moving on from IIT and IIM, he joined Peregrine, a budgetary assistance organization in Hong-Kong. It shut down in a half year however Chetan remained on in Hong-Kong for a long time, moving to Goldman Sachs. It was to demonstrate hatred for his manager that he began composing his first novel. Most likely it was an incredible second for Bhagat yet he was in a bank and disappointed. His supervisor was extremely terrible. So to render retribution on him. He began writing in office. CHETAN BHAGAT’S WRITING STYLE AND CHARACTERS The key to Chetan Bhagat’s achievement is he writes in normal English and it is consoling for youngsters to realize somebody comprehends what they are experiencing. As it were, Bhagat’s composing style will in general be basic with direct stories and clear narrating. His heroes will in general be named after symbols of Hindu god Vishnu, as Hari, Shyam, Govind or Krishna. Every one of his books have a number in the title (for example ‘five’ in the first, ‘one’ in the second, ‘three in the third and ‘two’ in the fourth book.) At the point when gotten some information about this, Bhagat answered that he is a broker and he can’t get numbers off of his mind. Bhagat, 35, is the first to concede that he is no Arundhati Roy, the Indian Booker Prize winning writer and says he realizes pundits feel his books are shallow. In any case, Bhagat, who appreciates a demigod like notoriety among his perusers, matured for the most part 13 to 30, said he has a definitive riposteâ€â€Å"My books sell.† Bhagat says that he composes for ‘ordinary youthful people’ who feel choked by their parents’ want for them to become specialists, legal counselors, or designers. As indicated by Bhagat-Indian adolescents live under tension cooker conditions to succeed. There is relentless rivalry to win puts in India’s world class colleges with adolescents constrained to score exceptionally from essential to secondary school. Access to top colleges frequently requires 90% in addition to midpoints and most kids have afterschool mentoring to achieve such stamps. A paragon of this way of thinking can be found in his novel â€Å" One Night @ The Call Center†, where the saint, who picks up the calls from confused Americans about their cooking apparatuses, remarks,† Every cousin of mine is turning into a specialist or engineer,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.You can say I am the odd one out of my family.† Bhagat accepts that India will in general have a scholastic and social upheaval to forestall youngsters essentially spewing what they realize without deduction. He needs to pass on this message across to the Indian youth-regardless of whether they don’t get stratospheric marks, they are as yet qualified for an upbeat life; and it’s not the apocalypse on the off chance that they fizzle. He for the most part discusses youngsters’ stresses, their tensions and each one of those things which engross them, by methods for his compositions. His composing subjects incorporate parental scholarly weight alongside pre-marriage sex, drinking and different points untouchable in socially moderate India. CHETAN BHAGAT’S NOVELS 1. FIVE POINT SOMEONE-WHAT NOT TO DO AT IIT! â€Å"Five Point Someone†¦.† was his first book which received a blustery, amusing tone to investigate the lives of test mistreated understudies who pack to get into the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and afterward defy the stifling environment of scholarly rivalry. It includes delicate medications, hitting the bottle hard, and an issue between an understudy and his professor’s girl. All things considered, the tale of â€Å"Five Point Someone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  rotates around three studentsHari, Ryan and Alok who originate from three unique foundations. The book is about their years in IIT Delhi and how they adapt to the weight of studies, family and connections. The book was generally welcomed by people in general, particularly among the more youthful age, and presented to Bhagat an enormous after. It was adjusted into a play by the venue bunch ‘Madras Players’ and furthermore by ‘Evam’. This book was adjusted into a film called ‘3 Idiots’, however Bhagat has expressed that he was not associated with the scriptwriting in any case, and was engaged with a debate with the chief and the maker of the film over attributing his commitment to the content. Coordinated by Raj Kumar Hirani, and featuring Aamir Khan, R. Madhvan, Sharman Joshi, Kareena Kapoor, and Boman Irani in significant jobs, it was discharged on 25 December, 2009. About seven days after the arrival of the film, ‘3 Idiots’, Chetan Bhagat guaranteed for the credit for the story and this credit push turned into a national issue. On January 1, 2010, Star News channel got Chetan Bhagat, Aamir khan and Abhijat Joshi-the supposed content author, changed to one another at their separate places through Star News journalists. During this program, Chetan Bhagat guaranteed that before the arrival of the film ‘3 Idiots’, neither one of the hes had been indicated the see of the film nor given any cooperation in the content composition. Around then he was informed that the adjustment of ‘Five Point Someone†¦.’ to ‘3 Idiots’, was only a few percent or at the most only five percent and rest of the plot was unique, however when the film discharged and hit the Box Office as the greatest hit of the time, Chetan felt terrible, on the grounds that the story was not only five percent from his book rather it was seventy to eighty percent of his book. He saved mum for seven days yet when his fans and perusers continued asking him for what valid reason he didn’t make any move or show any response against the creators, by then of time Bhagat looked for the haven of the media and came into the lime-light with his credit guarantee. Then again Aamir khan in one of his meetings clarified that there was no similitude between the film and ‘Five Point Someone†¦.’ and furthermore as Aamir had not perused Bhagat’s epic, Bhagat restricted him to experience ‘Five Point Someone’, saying that both the film and the novel were very unique in relation to one another in story just as plot. Also, presently after the arrival of the film, seeing it to be a success Chetan Bhagat is guaranteeing for credit? It is very off-base on his part since he needs to grab the credit of Abhijat Joshi-the genuine content essayist of ‘3 Idiots’, who took a shot at the story alongside Raj Kumar Hirani †the executive. Aamir additionally cross examined Chetan Bhagat saying that Raju Hirani had coordinated ‘Munna Bhai MBBS’ and its continuation ‘Lage Raho Munna Bhai’, so Chetan Bhagat would guarantee that these two films were likewise his manifestations! Aamir named C hetan Bhagat as exposure hungry essayist. Chetan Bhagat shielded himself by saying that the maker Vidhu Vinod Chopra had disclosed to him that there was not really any similitude between the film and the novel separated from the five percent of free motivation. He included that he depended upon Vidhu and said so to Aamir disallowing him experiencing ‘Five Point Someone’. It was simply after the arrival of ‘3 Idiots’ that Chetan Bhagat understood that he had been hoodwinked as Vidhu kept him in dull by lying and that was the reason he guaranteed for credit. He said that according to contract marked among him and Vidhu, he had been guaranteed full equity by showing his name among the primary star-cast, yet his name was given towards the end among assistants’ names in the moving cast. This truly squeezed him. At one event during the advancement of the film ‘3 Idiots’, collaborating with the media people

MIT, You Make Me Wanna Wait!

MIT, You Make Me Wanna Wait! (Come to the 3rd floor of the Student Center at 12 noon on Friday of CPW. There will be several of us, including a MIT professor, talking about why this can be a really good idea.) So you got into one of the best, most stimulating and resource-rich universities in the world. Welcome â€" MIT’s an amazing place (no matter what you’re here to study), and I bet you’re really eager to come â€" not just for Campus Preview Weekend, but to start your academic and life voyage as a freshman this fall semester. You’re probably already planning your summer, the changes from home to college what to bring, how you’ll spend those last days with friends and family, perhaps visiting your favorite childhood haunts in a last bid to say goodbye. But what if you held off on all that? Sounds crazy, right? â€" because you want to get away from your parents as soon as possible, start your own life, and not be told when to go to bed and what not to eat well, whatever the reason, college is a way to leave home that’s accepted by both your friends and your folks (no matter how conservative), and you’re all ready to GO. It feels like the right thing to do, because after high school, don’t all good students go to college? And besides, what else would you do to prepare for that promising future you’ve always dreamed of (and, no doubt, the one everyone *expects* you to have)? Let me ask you something else: if you had an entire year to do anything you want, with unlimited time, no expectations, no SATs or class ranks or gossip or student club presidencies to get in the way what would you do? Let’s just pretend that after you graduate, instead of just returning to school in the fall, you finally get to work on that dream project, tinker in that lab, or spend a year overseas (all expenses paid) teaching something you know and learning everything you never knew all at the very same time. And you’d wake up every day knowing that MIT’s just down the road. Maybe you just want to spend time working to have some cash during your college years. Or maybe you just want to decompress after the rigorous academic program that got you into MIT in the first place. The sky is the limit, and odds are, you’ll never have the chance to be so free ever again in your life. So what’s the rush? It’s not like you wouldn’t be going to MIT. You’d just be hanging out for a few more months to get a better handle on what you’re really coming here for. This might sound just a bit surprising, but I’m willing to bet that in that year off, you’ll learn more than you ever would as a college freshman. No, perhaps you wouldn’t be sitting in a classroom, but you’d be doing a ton of that other kind of learning â€" the learning that helps you figure out where you’re going, who you are as a person, and what you were put on this earth to do. It’s a fact that a lot of people here change their majors â€" heck, maybe several times â€" because they just aren’t sure what they want to do. Taking time away from school can help you be better prepared for these kinds of decisions â€" you’ll likely arrive on campus a more confident and prepared individual, with some time away from HS to really think about what you want out of life. Are you really sure that you want to be a doctor, or an engineer, or whatever it is that you’ve got your heart set on right now? Do parents, family or friends suggest that you be one thing, yet you’d real ly prefer to be something else? (Why not take some time to sort it out, spending time in hospitals, labs, or perhaps as an intern at a nearby firm?) No, taking a breather after high school isn’t necessarily for everyone. If you qualify for full financial aid (your family’s tuition contribution is zero) at MIT, it may well cost you less to come straight away and get a head start on your degree. (For the vast majority, that’s not the case, and your year off would likely be far less of a financial undertaking than a year of college.) In my case, I took two years off and arrived on campus with a lot of perspective, but had to spend time getting back into the student mindset so I could put in the kind of effort it takes to succeed in classes here. Things are great now that I’ve had some time to adjust â€" I’m very glad I took the time I did, and I don’t have any regrets. I’m a far more directed, focused person than I would have been, and I’ve got a better idea of what I want from MIT than (dare I say) a whole lot of my classmates. I came from a rural area where education wasn’t especially valued, and I never gave a p assing thought to university admissions as a high school student. It wasn’t until after I graduated that I really began to investigate anything about college! MIT endorses the taking of gap years because of the unique opportunity to gain purpose and personal enrichment like you’ll never be able to during a full-time academic term. Sure, college is an amazing place to be, and lots of exciting things happen here, but there’s far more to life and the world than your university campus. It has always been helpful for me to keep that in mind, especially when things get rough, because I just bounce back and march on. And I feel like I’m getting a lot more out of this place because of it! Come talk to me and fellow students, as well as a MIT professor, during CPW â€" we’ll be having a Gap Year Panel on Friday at 12 noon in the Student Center, 3rd floor, Private Dining Rooms 1 2. Parents are warmly welcomed and encouraged to come too!

A Brief Biography of Fidel Castro - 1316 Words

His full name is Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz and he was born on August 13, 1926 in a Birà  n, Cuba. Castro’s parents are Angel Castro(father) and Lina Ruz(mother). His father was a wealth landowner while his mother was a cook and maid to Angel. Castro was the third of six children in his family. His parents sent Fidel to a Jesuit boarding school where he was disciplined and showed the true potential of his intellect. While in boarding school, he also showed a much bigger interest in sports rather than academics. He even won an award for best all around athlete. Castro later went on to attend the University of Havana in 1945 where he began his studies in law. While attending the university, he was involved in many protest movements and rebellions. As a lawyer, Castro would take actually take cases of people who were not able to pay him so at often times he was short on money. Fidel began to notice the issues of Cuba such as poverty, injustice, and corruption. A passion grew wit hin him that wanted to fix these issues of Cuba so Castro joined a political group that had the same views and goals as him. This new political party he joined was called the Cuban People’s Party. Fidel later became a candidate for Congress for his political party in 1952. This is when he led a group of armed citizens to attack the Moncada Army Barracks as stated on the previous page. After Castro became Cuba’s new leader on January 9, 1959, he passed several laws based on his strong view of moralityShow MoreRelatedLee Harvey Oswald’s Motives for killing President John F. Kennedy646 Words   |  3 Pageshis mental health led the way in making him the most famous assassin of the twentieth century. Lee Harvey Oswald had a rough childhood. He grew up without a father figure in his life so he was lacking direction from the most important source (Biography: Lee Harvey Oswald ). His father died two months before Oswald was born, leaving his mother with three small children. As a result, â€Å"his mother would frequently neglect and leave Lee with various babysitters† (Diamond). These babysitters reportedlyRead MoreThe Politics of Marco Rubio Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages2006-2008 terms, Rubio was elected Speaker of the Florida State House in November 2006. Marco Rubio is a part of the Republican Party and is a Capitalist. Body: Marco Rubio was born on May 28, 1971 in Miami, Florida after his parents fled Cuba when Fidel Castro took over. At the age of eight, his family moved to Las Vegas where his father worked as a bartender for Sam’s Town, and his mom worked as a housekeeper at the Imperial Palace. Six months later, in 1985, they moved back to Miami where his fatherRead MoreBiography of Barbara Walters1711 Words   |  7 Pagesand Bill Clinton paramour Monica Lewinsky made broadcasting history as the highest-rated news program ever broadcast on a single network. Her other notable interviews range from controversial figures like Jack Kevorkian to political leaders like Fidel Castro. Currently, Walters holds the notable distinction of having interviewed every U.S. President since Richard Nixon. She is also acclaimed for her ability to elicit candid interviews from a bevy of celebrities, including Tom Cruise, Sophia Loren,Read MoreThe Most Controversial American Presidents9333 Words   |  38 Page semergency hospitalization at Yale-New Haven Hospital from January until March. In June 1934 he was admitted to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and diagnosed with colitis. When Kennedy graduated from Choate in June 1935 his superlative in The Brief, the school yearbook (of which he had been business manager), was Most likely to Succeed. In September 1935, he sailed on the SS Normandie on his first trip abroad with his parents and his sister Kathleen to London with the intent of studying forRead MoreBible Versus the Toran12356 Words   |  50 Pagesand excludes any reference to an Old Testament. The Old Testament consists of a collection of writings believed to have been composed at various times from the twelfth to the 2nd century BC. The books were written in classical Hebrew, except for brief portions (Ezra 4:8 nd 7:12-26, Jeremiah 10:11, Daniel 2:47:28) which are in the Aramaic language, a sister language which became the lingua franca of the Semitic world. Much of the material, including many genealogies, poems and narratives, is thought

The Success Of Teachers And No Child Left Behind - 2314 Words

The aim of educators is to provide opportunities for students to attain three primary goals that facilitate participation, contributions, and success not only in schools, but in the community as well. Those three goals are academic skill expertise, social skill expertise, and lifestyle skill expertise. While easier said than done, these goals are hindered by many social and behavioral problems. The most popular desire from teachers is related to behavior and classroom management (Elam, Rose, Gallup, 1999). The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and No Child Left Behind (NCLB) emphasize the use of scientifically based research to improve outcomes for students. From this emphasis, response-to-intervention has evolved. In the early 1990s, many schools started enforcing a zero-tolerance discipline system to try and control misbehaving students, which eventually led to more out-of-school suspensions and expulsions. Regardless of opinion, no current evidence in shown that sus pension and expulsion provide positive changes in student behavior (Skiba, 2000). Also, studies show racial, socioeconomical, and gender prejudices when dealing with school discipline and students with disabilities are more likely to be suspended than their peers (Krezmien, Leone, Achilles, 2006). Higher suspension and expulsion rates are also intermingled with lower academic performance (Skiba, 2008) and an increase with juvenile law enforcement. The means by which educatorsShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Impact of No Child Left Behind1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was a piece of legislation proposed by the administration of George W. Bush. The legislation required states to develop educational plans to address issues of assessments, standards, and accountability. Under the No Child Left Behind Act, states would have to administer tests yearly in reading, math, and science. No Child Left Behind holds school districts accountable for student achiev ement or lack of achievement. No Child Left Behind legislation is basedRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act1440 Words   |  6 PagesInitiated in 2002, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 intended to prevent the academic failures of educational institutions and individual students, as well as bridge achievement gaps between students. This act supports the basic standards of education reform across America; desiring to improve the learning outcomes of America’s youth. No Child Left Behind has left many to criticize the outcomes of the Act itself. Questions have risen concerning the effectiveness of NCLB, as well as theRead MoreEssay Universal Teaching for Conditional Education954 Words   |  4 Pagesacknowledgement accountability for this has left a bitter taste in concerned parent’s mouths. The people who are being neglected the most by the educational reforms are the students; No Child Left Behind, educational romanticism, and teachers unions al l play an equal roll in this blatant disregard for the wellbeing and future success of the students. No Child Left Behind is seen as a huge detriment to education process and neglects the students. Diane Ravitch sums up No Child Left Behind’s effect on educationRead MoreThe Ramifications of Government Reform on Education Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pageseducation in America. However, government acts like No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and Common Core curriculums have been put into effect in order to reverse America’s position. They are best understood as tools to bridge the achievement gap regardless of what a child may look like, sound like, or what part of the nation they come from. These programs are designed to help all children excel in school no matter what. Even though the No Child Left Behind Act significantly increased the average performanceRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesNo Child Left Behind Act Making the NCLB Act effective is quite a chore for the federal and state legislation. The positive influences for the act are quite controversial. Accountability standards are set and measured on a yearly basis by each individual state. The educator’s qualifications and standards are also state and federally mandated. Reading, math and writing are the key academic subjects that are measured. The goal is to close the gap among race, socioeconomic groups, and disabledRead MoreNo Child Left Behind1538 Words   |  7 PagesWe all have heard the key to success is education. However, in the United States, that key to success is far fetched. America as a whole needs many improvements. While America will never be a perfect society as I dream, America needs to take a step forward to improving the country for all. A better education system will be a step toward improving the United States. The education system in America continues to fail our children and falls behind compared to other countries. Children today are tomorrow’sRead MoreThe Debate Over the No Child Left Behind Act Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe current debates surrounding the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 are both positive and negative. Many politicians and people that previously supported the Act are now standing against it. In the beginning many supported the new Act because everyone was aware that a change needed to happen in the education system and the proposal of No Child Left Behind seemed like the answer we were looking for. As the No Child Left Behind requirements began to be felt in the school systems across AmericaRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind1333 Words   |  6 Pagessaid Steve Eklund, a retired California teacher. â€Å"Four words drove me into retirement—No Child Left Behind. I could no longer tend to the needs and wants of my students. All I was supposed to do was to get them ready to take tests.† Intro (with thesis): The surviving NCLB mindset of standardized tests being an accurate measure of a students achievement is a problem because it affects our student’s education and increases performance pressure on teachers. What people fail to realise is that studentsRead MoreLegal Roles And Responsibilities Of Teachers1035 Words   |  5 Pagesand Responsibilities of Teachers Teacher’s legal roles and responsibilities in the United States is a very important to know, especially for new teachers. Along the way of teacher’s career, and as a public figure, they have the same rights as anybody. The Bill of Rights assurances each citizen the rights to bear arms, free speech, and religion, the Constitution helps teachers to understand their rights. A teacher s responsibility is vital to guaranteeing that every child obtains the best educationRead MoreFederal And State Laws Play Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pagesshow their interest in their child (Amatea, 2013). California Department of Education advocates with policies and laws to support parent involvement to support student’s academic success. Federal and state laws play a role in linking families and schools together to build and strengthen social, emotional, and academic growth of children (Amatea, 2013). Parent Involvement Parents should always be an essential and ongoing part of school curriculum; just because their child starts school it does not

Jackson’s Knowledge Argument Free Essays

Dualism is the theory that our world is not entirely physical but is made up of mind and matter, therefore uggesting the mind is not the brain (brain is matter, the mind is a separate entity). Cartesian Dualism states: Each mind is an immaterial substance capable of independent existence. The characteristic property of this substance is thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Jackson’s Knowledge Argument or any similar topic only for you Order Now The physical world is a material substance, capable of independent existence. The characteristic property of this substance is extension (taking up space). (Lecture 1, DCT). Monism, in contrast to dualism states that the mind and brain are unified, and that there is no division between the two. Those who support monism believe that there is only one reality. Physicalism is a kind of monism as it is the belief that different approaches to the mind-body problem, let us look at the knowledge argument by Frank Jackson, who theorises that physicalism is false. Jackson describes two thought experiments to support his anti-physicalism theory. The first centres around Mary, a brilliant scientist who is confined to a black and white room, who learns everything through black and white, including a black and white television. Mary is an expert in the neurophysiology of vision learns all the physical information about what happens to the brain when we see colour. Jackson (1982, p. 30) states: â€Å"She discovers, for example, Just which wave-length combinations from the sky stimulate the retina, and exactly how this produces via the central nervous system the contraction of vocal chords and expulsion of air from the lungs that results in the uttering of the sentence â€Å"The sky is blue†. When Mary leaves the room, and sees the colour red for the first time, Jackson raises the question of whether Mary will learn anything or not. Jackson claims that yes indeed Mary does, because she is having a new visual experience that she has not had before, despite having all the physical information prior to this. Jackson (1982, p. 130) goes on â€Å"But then it is inescapable that her previous knowledge was incomplete. But she had all the physical information. Ergo there is more to have than that, and Physicalism is false†. Jackson believes that qualia has been left out of this story. qualia relates to our own subjective experiences. When I see a colour, smell a perfume, I am subjected toa conscious experience that is only relevant to me, no one else can experience these sensations the way I do. The following thought experiment in Jackson’s paper explains this further. Fred, presented with a bunch of ripe tomatoes, separates them n to two groups. Fred has better colour vision than anyone else, but manages to separate the tomatoes into two groups, redl and red2. Whilst we may categorise all the tomatoes as simply red, Fred sees clearly two different types of red, in the way we would distinguish yellow from green. Suppose we know all about Fred’s physiology and discover is a super ability to separate colours on the red spectrum, it does not actually tell us what it is like to see colour from Fred’s perspective, or his colour experience. No amount of physical information about Fred can tell us what it is like o see colours in the same way as Fred does. Furthermore, if we were to implant Fred’s brain into another beings body, it still would not tell us anything about Fred’s conscious experience of seeing red at this present moment in time. Thomas Nagel’s paper What is it like to be a bat? reinforces the theory that physicalism leaves something out. If we look at physicalism objectively, for example, look at the facts about Marys physiology that enable to her to see, we can know what happens to the optic nerve and retina when Mary sees colour, or light, but her experience of seeing he colour red is a subjective one. This experience is told from the first person point of view, therefore Nagel suggests that we cannot be objective about other people’s experiences. Nagel (1974, p. 426) describes how we can we observe the physicality of bats: â€Å"Now we know that most bats (the microchiroptera, to be precise) perceive the external world primarily by sonar, or echolocation, detecting the reflections, from objects within range, of their own rapid, subtly modulated, high frequency shrieks†. There is nothing about a bat’s senses that are like ours, and while we can imagine hat it may be like to be another human being, we cannot imagine what it is like to our imagination. As we do not have experience of being a bat our imagination is therefore limited. It is within my capabilities to mimic a bat’s behaviour, eat insects, hang upside down, imagine myself flying, but I cannot share the same experiences as a bat as only a bat knows what it is like to have these experiences. One of the main physicalist responses to Jackson’s knowledge argument is to agree that Mary does learn something new when she leaves the black and white room. Physicalists say hat Mary has gained a new ability rather than a new fact. Remember that Mary possessed all physical information before she left the room. Another physicalist view is that Mary is experiencing a mental state that is a result of the physical impact on her brain when she sees colour. The mental state that happens to Mary is seen as a brain state and therefore deemed to be physical. She already has the knowledge how to see colour but not necessarily knowledge that. Knowledge that is knowing that Paris is the capital of France, whilst knowledge how is knowing how to play the piano. Mary knows how to recognise colour. There is also the matter of causal closure which relates to every physical event having a physical cause. For example, if you bang your toe, is a physical event, which activates the mental state of pain, and to make the decision to hold on to your toe is also a mental state, however it results in your holding your toe, which is a physical event. This physicalist argument is a strong one, but no matter which way we look at the mind-body problem no one can have your conscious experiences. There can be countless thought experiments but each subject will see or feel things differently. Philip Goff (2013) states: â€Å"Physicalism is a grand and ambitious project, but there is a thorn in its side: consciousness. The qualities each of us encounters in our conscious experience – the feeling of pain, the sensations of biting into a lemon, what it’s like to see red – stubbornly refuse to be incorporated into the physicalist’s all-encompassing vision of the universe. Consciousness seems to be the one bit of left-over magic that refuses to be physicalised. And it’s all the fault of the zombies†. Goff calls these zombies philosophical (or p-zombies) as they are not supposed to e the zombies that we see in films, it is a zombie that is used in philosophical thought experiments. If your zombie, was opened up, everything about its brain structure would be identical with yours. The thing that the zombie would lack is conscious experience. It might scream when it is stabbed with a knife, but it is because it is programmed to do so, its reactions will not coincide with feelings of pain of pleasure. Goff, talking about zombies summarises this point â€Å"However, your zombie twin has no inner experience: there is nothing that it’s like to be your zombie twin. It’s screaming and running away when stabbed isn’t accompanied by a feeling of pain. Its smiles are not accompanied by any feeling of pleasure†. Goff puts forward an excellent argument to those who identify brain states with conscious states. He talks about what happens in the brain when you are in pain. If a brain surgeon was to open you up to see what is going on in your head if you had been stabbed with a knife they would see c-fibres firing, but they would not see that you are in pain and the c-fibres are firing, they could see what is happening physically but your conscious xperience of pain would not be visible. Goff (2013) explains: â€Å"to say that the feeling of pain is identical with c-fibres firing in your brain, is to say that pain – the thing you sees when she looks in your head after youVe had the knife stuck in you – are one and the same thing. It is to say that we don’t have two things – pain and c-fibres firing – but one thing with two labels† Furthermore, if your zombie was opened up and a brain surgeon wanted to observe their brain activity after being stabbed by a knife, again they would observe the c-fibres firing, but there would be the absence of the onscious experience of pain. If you stab your zombie it will create a physical event, with a physical response but you cannot know what it is like to be your zombie, in the same way that your zombie cannot know what it is like to be you. Your zombie cannot be the same as you physically and consciously as you can only be one person. I do not believe that it is possible to completely resolve the mind-body problem. I am inclined to lean towards Jackson’s point of view that we cannot perceive the colour red from Marys point of view. Not only can we not perceive things visually, if Mary ad been colour blind but gained knowledge how to perceive colours through touch or other senses, it would still be true to say that her experience would be a subjective one. How to cite Jackson’s Knowledge Argument, Papers

Consumer Packaged Goods Industry free essay sample

Wonderware relies on their services and expertise to take it into new opportunities and markets. From the 625 VAR/OEMs, approximately 2. 5% use Wonderware software to create solutions for food-products machinery in the Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) industry. Out of almost exactly 3,000 SI companies currently active in the Wonderware Solution Provider Program, more than 46% devote some portion of their practice to serving customers in the CPG industry. 63 % of Wonderware Certified SIs and 82% of Wonderware’s ArchestrA Certified SIs are involved in the CPG industry. But just what do we mean when we talk about the CPG industry? The free reference section at Hoover’s online (www. hoovers. com/free/ind/dir. xhtml) includes a useful directory of industries and the following general definition: Consumer Products Manufacturers Companies that design, manufacture and/or market apparel, cleaning products, hand and power tools, home furniture, housewares, linens, and consumer electronics and appliances. However, things may not really be that simple. It’s actually more meaningful to describe the CPG industry as a set of consumer behaviors rather than trying to draw boundaries around a specific list of product names or brands. And the key behavior that best describes the CPG market is that of replenishment on some regular or frequent basis. The items are in fact consumed, in some sense or another, fairly rapidly. This means that they do have a shelf life – whether it’s the perishable nature of a snack food item or the fleeting glamour of a cell phone with features like text or pictures or videos. And of course that can mean that the value of an entire warehouse inventory, for a whole generation of product can go to zero in a hurry! Those behaviors tend to result in a steady flow of small recurring expenses (for a tube of toothpaste, a pack of beverages or even the latest personal electronic gadget) rather than large infrequent ones like the acquisition of a major capital asset for manufacturing. The problem for our manufacturing customers is that those small replenishable items still require the major manufacturing assets to produce them. The ability to rapidly reconfigure and re-task those expensive production machines and factories when customer whims change – in other words, agile manufacturing – can make the difference between profitability and receivership. The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Industry and Solution Providers Page 3 2. Industry Comparisons The financial research tools at www. etrade. com (account membership required) offer some useful comparisons between the consumer goods industry and other major industry sectors. It’s not necessarily the fastest-growing business ector – compared to general technology, financial or energy companies – but certainly respectable when it comes to overall sector profit margins. The non-cyclical sub-category of the CPG industry, in fact, ranks well above the Transportation, Basic Materials, and Capital Goods and Services industries. The consumer cyclical category includes apparel, recreational products, personal electronics, automobiles and replacement parts such as tires. The non-cyclical category includes beverages, tobacco, personal products, office supplies and food items. The Industry Browser information tools at the Yahoo! Finance Industry Center (biz. yahoo. com/p/3conameu. html) may surprise you in terms of the relative sizes and profitability of some segments in the Consumer Goods categories. For instance, the top five segments by market capitalization are as follows: The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Industry and Solution Providers Page 4 Segment Auto manufacturers Food – major diversified Cigarettes Beverages – soft drinks Cleaning products Market Capitalization ($B) 296 281 269 266 205 The largest segments are not necessarily the most profitable, however. The top five segments by overall profit margin are: Segment Cigarettes Cleaning products Beverages – brewers Beverages – soft drinks Confectioners Net Profit Margin (%) 17 13 12 11 10 Somewhat surprisingly, the largest segment by market capitalization – Auto Manufacturers – is one of the least profitable at just 1. 8%. The sizable and highly visible – but keenly competitive – Electronic Equipment category is squeezed down to just 2. 5% overall net margin. 3. What CPG Companies Need from Solution Providers For our Consumer Packaged Goods customers to succeed, they must deal with a number of internal and external pressures and demands. Those internal drivers include: Protecting or increasing profits Reducing costs related to: o Supply-chain management – Net asset turns on raw materials and finished goods inventories, efficient sourcing decisions and reducing scrap or return rates o Manufacturing – Improving operational efficiency and employee productivity o Information technology – Cost containment and outsourcing, standardization and consolidation of server assets, increasing reusability, and an application infrastructure that protects and maximizes key databases and information assets Mergers, acquisitions, breakups and spin-offs The Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) Industry and Solution Providers Page 5 o o Integration (or disconnection! ) of supply-chain linkages Operational complexity and startup costs – dealing with dissimilar bestpractice philosophies, variations in processes, applications and technology, and training to improve and align vital human resources. External forces and demands that our CPG customers face include: Meeting changing customer needs and requirements Preserving brand integrity – through product quality and safety as well as regulatory requirements Speed to market with more (and often complicated) new products. Now, with all those pressures facing our Consumer Packaged Goods manufacturing customers, what can we – a world-class community of solution providers and a world-class software supplier – provide to help them face such challenges? First of all, we can provide a platform for growth – an eco-vision – that can grow and evolve as the fickle customer marketplace changes and the companies adapt. We can offer an architecture built around re-usable components – not just software objects, but encapsulated best practices and intellectual capital. That means lower project-to-project costs and a common service architecture from production to process. We can deliver an architecture for incremental investment, avoiding the â€Å"big bang† approach that held back the promise of advanced manufacturing execution systems (MES) for so long, for example.