Military And Political Tension During The Cold War

Cold War is the name given to military and political tension during 1947-1991, between the two countries that emerged as the world super powers at the end of the World War II, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Quite a few events took place during the cold war that shape the country and its foreign policies during the cold war and a few years after it. Some of the events or policies that took place in the 1950’s pertaining to the cold war are: The Warsaw pact, the invention of U2 spy planes, Truman signing the Mutual Security Act, the construction of a nationwide of highway network system, Fidel Castro comes into power and many more. The first Lockheed U2 to took flight in 1955. These were used to fly over countries like the Soviet Union, China, Vietnam and Cuba during the cold war. These planes were capable of taking detailed photos of the ground from as high as 70,000 feet. One of these was shot down in the 1960 by the USSR. This was an event of great embarra ssment for Eisenhower and his administration. Eisenhower had first claimed it to be a weather plane that might have veered off course, but Khrushchev produced the U2 plane which was mostly intact and had captured the pilot, who had not taken his poison pill as expected by the CIA, historian Vince Houghton explains. This led to great hostility between the two nations. As of today, the US still flies about 50 U2s. Another development from the 1950s is the national highway system. Eisenhower had signedShow MoreRelatedKorean War a Proxy War?1468 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent can the Korean War be regarded as a Cold War proxy war?   The Cold War was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II between the Communist World – primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies – and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States and its allies. The Korean War was a military conflict between the Republic of Korea, supported by the United Nations, andRead More Causes Of The Cold War Essay608 Words   |  3 Pagesof the Cold War nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Cold War occurred during a time of rebuilding for Europe. It characterized international relations and dominated the foreign policies of Europe. It affected all of Europe and determined lasting alliances. The Cold War was caused by the social climate and tension in Europe at the end of World War II and by the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union. Economic separation between the Soviets and the west also heightened tensions, alongRead MoreThe Cold War Between The United States And The Soviet Union1268 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War grew out of post-World War II tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the war did not bring about large scale fighting, there remained a constant threat of a catastrophic nuclear war. 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Competitive Anxiety in Sports Performance - 722 Words

Competitive Anxiety is one of the most widely researched topics in sport psychology (Woodman Hardy, 2001), focusing on the symptoms and consequences of Competitive Anxiety. The reason why Competitive Anxiety has been selected is because it is able to look at the effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance. I believe this is important as it distinguishes the difference between those who are able to calm competitive anxiety (such as Self Talk), which may suggest a reason as to why certain athletes achieve more in their sport than others. McGowan’s concept of Competitive anxiety (C.A) focuses on self-presentation, looking at the relationship between athletes and self-perceived presentation, trying to create desired impressions or avoid undesired ones (Wilson and Eklund, 1998), whereas Conroy (2003) concentrates on patterns of Self-Talk and its different forms associated with Competitive Anxiety, looking at the effects of negative and positive self-talk on anxiety. The research articl e by McGowan was chosen as it closely looks at competitive anxiety in athletes, both male and female, which explores the relationship between self-presentational concerns and C.A, giving knowledge into how athletes deal with C.A and if a relationship exists between the two. The research by Conroy was selected as it examines the effect of Self-Talk in relation to Competitive Anxiety, looking at how different negative types of Self-Talk (such as self-blame) are positively linked to anxiety, asShow MoreRelatedCompetitive Anxiety Theory Analysis1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthat may negatively affect their performance abilities. Stress, arousal, and anxiety are terms used to describe this condition. Competitive state-anxiety usually follows a pattern of subjective feelings such as tension and inadequacy, combined with heightened arousal of the autonomic nervous system. This anxiety type includes state and trait dimensions both of which can show themselves as cognitive and somatic sympto ms. Over the years many distinguished sports psychologists have developed variousRead MoreThe Effects Of Psychological Emotional On Sport Performance1582 Words   |  7 Pagesemotional states on sport performance Literature Review In Martin and Gill’s experiment done in 1991, the relationship among trait and state psychological variables and performance in male high school distance runners were measured. 73 male middle and long distance runners ranging from 14 to 18 years of age were used to examine trait and state psychological variables and performance. A Competitive Orientation Inventory and Sport Orientation Questionnaire were used to measure competitive orientation measuresRead MoreAn Outline of Performance Anxiety in Female Athletes871 Words   |  4 PagesAn Outline of Performance Anxiety in Female Athletes Gena Petrick 102160287 University of the Fraser Valley Roger Friesen February 21, 2012 Introduction Have you ever felt an overwhelming feeling of fear or nervousness, prior to competing in an important event? Did it affect your ability to perform? If so, you may be familiar with performance anxiety. An athlete suffering from performance anxiety often will perceive competitive situations as threatening, which can resultRead MoreThe Physiological Demands Of Women s Competitive Gymnastics Routines999 Words   |  4 PagesGymnastics is one of the most demanding and dangerous collegiate sports. Marina and Rodriguez (2014) investigated the physiological demands of women’s competitive gymnastics routines. 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IZOF is a sport-specific framework that describes the relationship between emotional experiences and success onRead MoreEssay Anxiety in Sports938 Words   |  4 Pagestheir stomach or a sudden rush of adrenaline before an important game. This feeling can either translate into legendary performances or monumental failures. According to Sharon D. Hoar (2007), to fully comprehend anxiety’s effect on performance, one must understand the discrimination between two unique sets of sources: trait and state anxiety, and cognitive and somatic anxiety. Anxiety symptoms are numerous and unique to every athlete. Hoar s uggests that athletes might report cognitive symptoms (eg.Read MoreHelping Athletes to Perform Better under Pressure1541 Words   |  6 PagesWith it being known that pressure on an athlete to not let their team down increases anxiety, Otten and Barrett (2013) decided to look at which aspect of baseball (pitching or batting) would be most prone to choking. 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In my research I willRead MoreDifferent Types Of Anxiety And Anxiety800 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribed anxiety as ‘an unpleasant emotion, which is characterised by vague but persistent feelings of apprehension and dread’ (Cashmoore, 2002). There are many different types of anxiety including state, trait, somatic and cognitive (Moran, 2004, pp. 72-75). State anxiety has been defined as ‘subjective, consciously perceived feelings of tension and apprehension’ (Spielberger, 1966, p. 17), whereas trait anxiety is an acquired behavioral tendency (Spielberger, 1966). Somatic anxiety relates toRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Medications In Sports1602 Words   |  7 Pagesassisted off the field, diagnosed, treated and sent to physical therapy; often to return miraculously in a week or two. Yet when that same athlete has a mental disorder, there is no armada of medical personnel, but rather an athlete often left abandoned. Spor ts, too often, are concealed to hide deeply rooted mental health issues. The better the athlete, the more desperate they are to reach the next level; the less likely they will reach out for help. The abiding irony is that athletes--our indestructible

Issuses In International Business Nation Branding

Question: Discuss about the Report for Issuses In International Business of Nation Branding. Answer: Introduction: Culture of a country reflects the way people think and behave. Understanding the culture is important to create a significant value for effective and successful communication. On the other hand, ignorance can result in creation of a cultural barrier that would have a detrimental effect on any kind of activities (Cavusgil et al., 2014). When it comes to a company to operate in another nation rather its home country, it is important for the company to be completely aware of the clearly distinct nature of culture of the host country. The report is based on a market cultural report of United Kingdom. The paper will analyze the cultural values of United Kingdom that has been selected as the host country for this report. A detail analysis of the unique cultural components of the host country will be done. In addition to this, a comparison of the host country with respect to the home country, Singapore will also be carried on. Based on the analysis a conclusion will be drawn that would narrate the important features that a company must undertake to operate in the market of United Kingdom. Rationale of selecting United Kingdom as the host country: United Kingdom has been selected as the host country for the analysis of this report because this country holds great importance in terms of its business and culture. United Kingdom has that colonial history that the world has witnessed. There is no doubt that British culture has influenced the world largely (Geppert, Matten Williams, 2016). UK is also the base for a huge number of manufacturing companies and industries. The country stands at 5th position in terms of it GDP. In terms of tourism, London is the most desirable place for tourists destination. UK truly has that cultural heritage that can attract anyone towards its culture. This is the reason for selecting United Kingdom as the host country and as a case study for this report. Some of my relatives also reside in UK and they have adopted the European culture. I like their culture and their social aspects. I have even plans for going on a tour to London and other places of UK. These are the reasons that attracted me towards the country and I preferred to select United Kingdom as the host country. Cultural analysis of United Kingdom: UK has its own cultural heritage and identity. British people have their own dress style, food and language and some tradition that has different standard of morality (Ball et al., 2012). In the modern world due to increasing immigration, most of the ethnic groups of people have been found to live with British people. United Kingdom consists of four countries, England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. However, a strong sense of nationalism and identity is felt among the population of these four nations. United Kingdom has a class system. However, this divisional characteristic has been found to faint in past decades (MacDonald Coffield, 2015). People from various backgrounds have greater access to higher education and have been found to level the difference of the class-based division. Consequently, division of class no longer depends on the possession of wealth or education. A unique culture consists of five basic components such as language, culture, custom, etiquette and values. UK has a unique cultural identity. As per 2014 statistics, population of UK is 63,742,970 that include a mixture of various ethnic groups such as English (83.7%), Scottish (8.5%), Welsh (5%), and Northern Irish (3%). The country also has immigrants that include black American, Indian, Pakistani and other mixed races (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Majority of people, about 70% are Christian that includes Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian and Methodists along with Muslims, Hindu. Therefore, a multicultural environment has been created in the country. The constitution of UK does not predominantly state any official language for the country. English is the main language and majority of people speaks it. It is for this reason that English is the de facto official language of UK. Other native languages include Welsh, Irish, Gaelic, Cornish and Ulster Scots (Meyer, 2014). In addition to these, the immigrants have brought various foreign languages from around the globe. Unique cultural components of UK: Corporate and social responsibilities: Corporate social responsibilities have been becoming very vital for businesses in UK. People of UK are mainly concern about three major workplace issues. These are: Work place issues that include work life balance, right employment and basic human rights Community distribution regarding big societies and social justice The environment that focuses on sustainability of resources (Gangestad Simpson, (2016) The nation has even subscribed to the Millennium Goals of the United Nations to achieve the business goals. Even the UK government supports these CSR activities by the means of breaking taxes and encouraging charity. United Kingdom has been substantially found to reduce the industrial waste for sustainability purpose. Greetings and meetings: People of UK like to greet people with their first name rather than using their last name or family surname. They always add Miss or Mr. with the name as a symbol of their culture. If British Etiquette and Customs are to be considered, they meet people and greet them with a handshake (Bowley, 2016). They believe in exchanging gifts in festive occasions like Christmas and New Year. The gifts need not to be expensive. They like to celebrate with family members at their home rather than being outside. Time and punctuality: People of UK over-value time and punctuality. Unlike other Nations where participants of a meeting happen to arrive late, chances of people of UK are to arrive before time. However, their punctuality should not be confused with the fact that they are rushing in life. Body language and dress code: People of UK believe in over dressing than giving a poor impression on the people in meeting. Denims are not acceptable and the professionals even have some kind of specified uniform (Greenfield, 2013). They do not prefer any kind of informal look and still believes in being a gentle man or a lady. When in office, they always prefer to maintain that formal attitude that is suitable for a work culture. Business culture of UK in contrast to other countries If certain unique cultural perspectives are to be considered, it can be said that British people are very reserved and conservatives. Privacy is very important for them and they respect others privacy. In terms of business culture, people of UK show certain etiquette and protocol. If punctuality of the people is concerned, then it is better to postpone or cancel the meeting rather than arriving late for the meeting (Bakir et al., 2015). In major other countries people are usually greeted with their last name or surname in Business or professional meetings but the scenario is different for UK professionals. There is also tradition of exchanging gifts if business meetings in other countries like United States or Singapore just like United Kingdom. However, for People of UK, it is a token of gesture to express thanks to the business counterparts (Minkov Hofstede, 2012). Unlike culture of other countries where business meetings are held in corporate style, people of UK might send an inv itation for dinner at home if they wanted to develop a relationship beyond business. These factors are very important for a foreign company to take into consideration. People of UK also follow a classical and conservative dress code for business or corporate meetings. Both men and women prefer to wear dark colored clothes. This also distinguishes from other countries tradition where people wearing a white shirt depict formal attire. In other countries where multinational companies are coming out of t6he formal look in the office and opting for a semi-formal or smart casual approach towards dress code, people of UK still believes in properly dressed and presentable manner in arriving at a meeting (Dartey-Baah, 2013). In addition to all these inherited qualities, they also value the sense of fairness and honesty in their business dealings. The Nation has recorded and always top listed among the International Corruption Perception Index that compared the corruption level of other countries of the World. The risk of getting caught in cases of corruption and bribery is very high and it is strongly advisable not to bribe anyone in United Kingdom. Hofstedes cultural dimensions: The widely used framework for categorizing cultures of different Nations was developed by Greet Hofstede, a Dutch social psychologist. The most important cultural dimension identified by him was power distance. According to him, it is the power distance that that reinforces the fact of cultural status in the society. As pointed out by Dissanayake et al., (2015), that there always remains a cultural difference in the hierarchy of the people in an organization, there also exists a similar cultural and difference in status in different countries and culture. The second dimension identified by Hofstede was the idea of individualism or collectivism. According to his view, people of an individual nation such as UK always maintain a loose social culture (Hofstede, 2013). These characteristics are achieved by mere means of independence, the importance of an individuals personal right and recognition of personal achievements. On the other hand, members of collectivist society always distingui sh between the members of in-group and out-group. Third dimension has been termed as uncertainty avoidance that concerns the willingness of a particular culture to adopt the ambiguous and risky situation of a culture. Therefore, it is important to embrace new approaches or getting engaged in various entrepreneurial activities. Lastly, the fourth dimension identifies the difference based on masculinity or femininity. In some cultures, masculinity culture is found to be more dominating than femininity (Shore, 2013). Things to be considered by a foreign company: Hofstedes cultural dimensions theory is a cross-cultural communication framework that describes the effect of a societys culture on the values of the members of the country. These values on the other hand relate to the behavior of people of that country. If the culture of UK is to be considered, it can be said that there is no discrimination between masculine and feminine gender (Banks, 2015). People are very caring and they believe in keeping a personal relationship with each other. When a foreign company takes an initiative to carry business in United Kingdom, it is important for them to understand and abide by the cultural norms of the nation. UK has their specific and prominent culture that has to be understood by people. People of UK maintain a hierarchy in the business culture. It is for this reason that companies, which have been running from generations, are more welcomed in UK (Dinnie, 2015). The companies must be well structured and should follow well designed strategies to operate in the UK market. Other general characteristics include certain etiquette and general advice like respecting women and arriving to service to women whenever it is acceptable (Smith, 2013). People of UK always prefer keep things personal and it is advisable to keep business meetings limited to business culture and not to involve any kind of personal interaction with others. Conclusion: By the end of the discussion, it can be said that each and every country is distinguished based on their culture. It is very important to respect and abide by the cultures of the host country if a company is willing to business there. In case of UK, there is no doubt that the people have a distinguished work culture that is different from other countries of the World. It is important to respect that culture if a company wants to market in that place. Failing to adhere by the culture, it might result unfavorable conditions and the company might not perform the way as it had aimed to do. Understanding the culture of home country and recognizing the culture of the host country is important. In order to operate in other host country, it is advisable to adopt to their culture. Reference list: Bakir, A., Blodgett, J. G., Vitell, S. J., Rose, G. M. (2015). A preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of Hofstedes cross cultural dimensions. InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 226-232). Springer International Publishing. Ball, D., Geringer, M., Minor, M., McNett, J. (2012).International business. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Banks, J. A. (2015).Cultural diversity and education. Routledge. Bowley, A. L. (2016).Wages and Income in the United Kingdom since 1860. Cambridge University Press. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Dartey-Baah, K. (2013). The Cultural Approach to the Management of the International Human Resource: An Analysis of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions.International Journal of Business Administration,4(2), 39. Dinnie, K. (2015).Nation branding: concepts, issues, practice. Routledge. Dissanayake, D. M. S. B., Niroshan, W. W. A. E., Nisansala, M. H., Rangani, M. L. D., Samarathunga, S. K. R. A., Subasinghe, S. E. I., ... Wickramasinghe, M. B. (2015). Cultural comparison in Asian countries: An Application of Greet Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Gangestad, S. W., Simpson, J. A. (Eds.). (2016).The evolution of mind: Fundamental questions and controversies. Guilford Publications. Geppert, M., Matten, D., Williams, K. (Eds.). (2016).Challenges for European management in a global context: Experiences from Britain and Germany. Springer. Greenfield, P. M. (2013). The changing psychology of culture from 1800 through 2000.Psychological science,24(9), 1722-1731. Hofstede, G. "National Culture comparison (2nd January 2013)Comparison between national cultures of Ecuador, Denmark, and Sweden in accordance with the cultural dimensions by Prof. Geert Hofstede." (2013). MacDonald, R., Coffield, F. (2015).Risky business?: youth and the enterprise culture. Routledge. Meyer, E. (2014).The culture map: Breaking through the invisible boundaries of global business. PublicAffairs. Minkov, M., Hofstede, G. (2012).Cross-cultural analysis: the science and art of comparing the world's modern societies and their cultures. Sage. Shore, C. (2013).Building Europe: The cultural politics of European integration. Routledge. Smith, A. D. (2013).Nationalism: Theory, ideology, history. John Wiley Sons.

Paradise Lost By Milton Essays (1086 words) - Fallen Angels

Paradise Lost By Milton Leaving the underworld, once again, defeated by the heavens. Although John Milton's epic poem, Paradise Lost, is considered to be a tragedy, it displays some reminders of a comic end. In its tenth book, when Satan returns to hell, there is the realization of two of the poem's purposes: to "assert Eternal Providence" and to "justify the ways of God to men." Book Ten is the end of Satan's epic journey, portraying his return to hell. Throughout the poem, Satan, a figure of legendary signifigance, goes on a heroic quest. A quest in which he seeks power over God's creations, Adam and Eve, to prove he will not be subjected to God's ways. Satan's passing into God's paradise, the Garden of Eden, unveils his valour. He uses his superhuman forces to transform himself into a serpent and deceive Eve into eating a fruit from the forbidden tree of knowledge. This proves to be a tragic decision on his part, for when he returns home from his quest, he and the rest of the residents of hell are transformed into serpents. This is their punishment for betraying the ways of God. Satan's journey follows the usual tragic pattern, ending in horror. Due to fact that Satan is an evil character, and attempts to use God's own creation against him, it is difficult for some to believe that he is the hero in this epic story. In fact, Francis C. Blessington thinks of Satan as not a classical hero but a classical villain: Satan is made the archetype of the sophistical rhetoric, the shallow egotism, and the Stajan 2 destructive pride, the vices of the classical epic as well as of the classical world. In addition, he is the perversion of the classical heroic virtues. He often begins by resembling a victim, sometimes even a perversion of that.... [He is] not a classical hero but a classical villain who unheroically defeats creatures far below him in stature (18). Though he may not seem to be a hero to the conventional person, he still is the hero to the many leaders and followers in the depths of hell. He believes that God is wrong in his ways, and therefore tries to build an empire to replace the one in heaven. He has all of the characteristics of a heroic figure; "Indeed, you can't be really bad unless you do have most of the virtues. Look at Milton's Satan for example. Brave, strong, generous, loyal, prudent, temperate, self-sacrificing" (Bush 72). He is the heroic figure, who believes that he can be better than God. However, he finds that he is not powerful enough, and is brought to a tragic end. Although Satan and the rest of his followers are tragically defeated, there are still reminders of comedy toward the end of this epic. When Satan sets out on his quest, his goal is to corrupt Adam and Eve, and persuade them to betray God. He accomplishes this task, and rejoices in victory: For in possession such, not only of right, I call ye and declare ye now, returned Successful beyond hope, to lead ye forth Triumphant out of this infernal pit Abominable, accursed, the house of woe, And dungeon of our tyrant!" (Milton, X. 461-466). This accomplishment in itself is a huge deal for Satan and his followers. It is because of him that man is disobedient, resulting in the harsh punishments bestowed on the human race, by God. Stajan 3 In hopes of turning God's na?ve creation against him. He succeeds in his quest; the devil himself is the main reason for hard child labour, death for all humans and the extinction of paradise. To Satan, this is victory; this is his comic end. Throughout the poem, Milton repeatedly "[justifies] the ways of God to men." In Book X, when Satan returns to hell and informs his followers of his victory, they hiss at him. They cannot help but hiss, for the reason that God turns them all into snakes and serpents. God is in the right when he does this; after all, Satan corrupted the entire human race. Satan persuades the naive Eve into thinking that if she disobeys God, and eats an apple from the tree of knowledge, life will improve. So as a punishment, God gives the snakes and serpents, "parched with scalding thirst and hunger," sodom thirst-quenching apples (Milton, X. 556). These apples look to be appetizing, but instead they dissolve into ashes when plucked from the tree. This punishment is a

Battle of Anzio in World War II

Battle of Anzio in World War II The Battle of Anzio commenced on January 22, 1944 and concluded with the fall of Rome on June 5. Part of the Italian Theater of World War II (1939-1945), the campaign was the result of the Allies inability to penetrate the Gustav Line following their landings at Salerno. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sought to restart the Allied advance and proposed landing troops behind the German positions. Approved despite some resistance, the landings moved forward in January 1944. In the resulting fighting, the Allied landing force was soon contained due to its insufficient size and cautious decisions made by its commander, Major General John P. Lucas. The next several weeks saw the Germans mount a series of attacks which threatened to overwhelm the beachhead. Holding out, the troops at Anzio were reinforced and later played a key role in the Allied breakout at Cassino and the capture of Rome. Invading Italy Following the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943, American and British forces drove up the peninsula until being halted at the Gustav (Winter) Line in front of Cassino. Unable to penetrate Field Marshal Albert Kesselrings defenses, British General Harold Alexander, commander of Allied forces in Italy, began assessing his options. In an effort to break the stalemate, Churchill proposed Operation Shingle which called for landings behind the Gustav Line at Anzio (Map). While Alexander initially considered a large operation that would land five divisions near Anzio, this was abandoned due to a lack of troops and landing craft.  Lieutenant General Mark Clark, commanding the US Fifth Army, later suggested landing a reinforced division at Anzio with the goal of diverting German attention from Cassino and opening the way for a breakthrough on that front.   Allied Plan Initially ignored by US Chief of Staff General George Marshall, planning moved forward after Churchill appealed to President Franklin Roosevelt. The plan called for Clarks US Fifth Army to attack along the Gustav Line to draw enemy forces south while Lucas VI Corps landed at Anzio and drove northeast into the Alban Hills to threaten the German rear. It was thought that if the Germans responded to the landings it would sufficiently weaken the Gustav Line to permit a breakthrough. If they did not respond, the Shingle troops would be in place to directly threaten Rome.  The Allied leadership also felt that should the Germans be able to respond to both threats, it would pin down forces that otherwise could be employed elsewhere. Field Marshal Harold Alexander. Public Domain As preparations moved forward, Alexander desired Lucas to land and quickly begin offensive operations into the Alban Hills. Clarks final orders to Lucas did not reflect this urgency and gave him flexibility regarding the timing of the advance. This may have been caused by Clarks lack of faith in the plan which he believed required at least two corps or a full army. Lucas shared this uncertainty and believed that he was going ashore with insufficient forces. In the days before landings, Lucas compared the operation to the disastrous Gallipoli campaign of World War I which had also been devised by Churchill and expressed concern that he would be scapegoated if the campaign failed. Armies Commanders Allies General Harold AlexanderLieutenant General Mark ClarkMajor General John P. LucasMajor General Lucian Truscott36,000 men increasing to 150,000 men Germans Field Marshal Albert KesselringColonel General Eberhard von Mackensen20,000 men rising to 135,000 men Landing Despite the misgivings of the senior commanders, Operation Shingle moved forward on January 22, 1944, with Major General Ronald Penneys British 1st Infantry Division landing north of Anzio, Colonel William O. Darbys 6615th Ranger Force attacking the port, and Major General Lucian K. Truscotts US 3rd Infantry Division landing south of the town. Coming ashore, Allied forces initially met little resistance and began moving inland. By midnight, 36,000 men had landed and secured a beachhead 2-3 miles deep at a cost of 13 killed and 97 wounded. Rather than move quickly to strike at the German rear, Lucas began strengthening his perimeter despite offers from the Italian resistance to serve as guides. This inaction irritated Churchill and Alexander as it undercut the value of the operation. Facing a superior enemy force, Lucas caution was justified to a degree, however most agree that he should have attempted drive further inland. German Response Though surprised by the Allies actions, Kesselring had made contingency plans for landings at several locations.  When informed of the Allied landings, Kesselring took immediate action by dispatching recently-formed mobile reaction units to the area. Also, he received control of three additional divisions in Italy and three from elsewhere in Europe from OKW (German High Command). Though he initially did not believe the landings could be contained, Lucas inaction changed his mind and by January 24, he had 40,000 men in prepared defensive positions opposite the Allied lines. Battling for the Beachhead The next day, Colonel General Eberhard von Mackensen was given command of the German defenses. Across the lines, Lucas was reinforced by the US 45th Infantry Division and US 1st Armored Division. On January 30, he launched a two-prong attack with the British attacking up the Via Anziate towards Campoleone while the US 3rd Infantry Division and Rangers assaulted Cisterna. In the fighting that resulted, the attack on Cisterna was repulsed, with the Rangers taking heavy losses. The fighting saw two battalions of the elite troops effectively destroyed. Elsewhere, the British gained ground up the Via Anziate but failed to take the town. As a result, an exposed salient was created in the lines. This bulge would soon become the target of repeated German assaults (Map). A Command Change By early February Mackensens force totaled over 100,000 men facing Lucas 76,400. On February 3, the Germans attacked the Allied lines with a focus on the Via Anziate salient. In several days of heavy fighting, they succeeded in pushing the British back. By February 10, the salient had been lost and a planned counterattack the next day failed when the Germans were tipped off by a radio intercept. On February 16, the German assault was renewed and Allied forces on the Via Anziate front were pushed back to their prepared defenses at the Final Beachhead Line before the Germans were halted by VI Corps reserves. The last gasps of the German offensive were blocked on February 20. Frustrated with Lucas performance, Clark replaced him with Truscott on February 22. General Sir Harold Alexander with Major General Lucian K. Truscott Jr. in the Anzio beachhead, Italy, 4 March 1944. Public Domain Under pressure from Berlin, Kesselring and Mackensen ordered another attack on February 29. Striking near Cisterna, this effort was repulsed by the Allies with around 2,500 German casualties. With the situation at a stalemate, Truscott and Mackensen suspended offensive operations until spring. During this time, Kesselring constructed the Caesar C defensive line between the beachhead and Rome. Working with Alexander and Clark, Truscott helped plan Operation Diadem which called for a massive offensive in May. As part of this, he was instructed to devise two plans. New Plans The first, Operation Buffalo, called for an attack to cut Route 6 at Valmontone to aid in trapping the German Tenth Army, while the other, Operation Turtle, was for an advance through Campoleone and Albano towards Rome. While Alexander selected Buffalo, Clark was adamant that US forces be the first to enter Rome and lobbied for Turtle. Though Alexander insisted on severing Route 6, he told Clark that Rome was an option if Buffalo ran into trouble. As a result, Clark instructed Truscott to be ready to execute both operations. Breaking Out The offensive moved forward on May 23 with Allied troops hitting the Gustav Line and beachhead defenses. While the British pinned Mackensens men at Via Anziate, American forces finally took Cisterna on May 25. By the end of the day, US forces were three miles from Valmontone with Buffalo proceeding according to plan and Truscott anticipating severing Route 6 the next day. That evening, Truscott was stunned to receive orders from Clark calling for him to turn his attack ninety degrees towards Rome. While the attack towards Valmontone would continue, it would be much weakened. A Controversial Decision Clark did not inform Alexander of this change until the morning of May 26 at which point the orders could not be reversed. Exploiting the slowed American attack, Kesselring moved parts of four divisions into the Velletri Gap to stall the advance. Holding Route 6 open until May 30, they allowed seven divisions from the Tenth Army to escape north. Forced to reorient his forces, Truscott was not able to attack towards Rome until May 29. Encountering the Caesar C Line, VI Corps, now aided by II Corps, was able to exploit a gap in the German defenses. By June 2, the German line collapsed and Kesselring was ordered to retreat north of Rome. American forces led by Clark entered the city three days later (Map). Aftermath The fighting during the Anzio campaign saw Allied forces sustain around 7,000 killed and 36,000 wounded/missing. German losses were around 5,000 killed, 30,500 wounded/missing, and 4,500 captured. Though the campaign ultimately proved successful, Operation Shingle has been criticized for being poorly planned and executed. While Lucas should have been more aggressive, his force was too small to achieve the objectives it was assigned. Also, Clarks change of plan during Operation Diadem allowed large parts of the German Tenth Army to escape, allowing it to continue fighting through the rest of the year. Though criticized, Churchill relentlessly defended the Anzio operation claiming that though it failed to achieve its tactical goals, it succeeded in holding German forces in Italy and preventing their redeployment to Northwest Europe on the eve of the Normandy invasion.

How to Back up a Microsoft Access Database

How to Back up a Microsoft Access Database You store critical data in Access databases every day. Have you ever stopped to consider whether youre taking appropriate actions to protect your database in the event of a hardware failure, disaster, or other data loss? Microsoft Access provides built-in functionality to help you back up your databases and protect your organization. You can store the backup file anywhere, be it on an online storage account or just a flash drive or external hard drive. Make an Access Database Backup These steps are relevant to MS Access 2007 and newer, but make sure to follow the instructions that pertain to your version of Access, be it 2010, 2013, or 2016. See how to back up a 2013 Access database if you need help there. Start by opening the database you want to have a backup for, and then follow these steps: MS Access 2016 or 2013 Go into the File menu.Choose Save As and then click Back Up Database from the Save Database As section.Click the Save As button.Choose a name and pick where to save the backup file, and then click Save. MS Access 2010 Click on the File menu option.Choose Save Publish.Under Advanced, select Back Up Database.Name the file something memorable, place it somewhere easy to access, and then choose Save to make the backup. ​MS Access 2007 Click the Microsoft Office button.Choose Manage from the menu.Select Back Up Database under the Manage this database area.Microsoft Access will ask you where to save the file. Choose an appropriate location and name and then click Save to make the backup. Tips: After backing up the Access database, open the backup file in MS Access to verify that it completed successfully.For optimal protection, store a copy of your database backups in an offsite location on a periodic basis. If its a personal database that rarely changes, you might want to put a CD copy in a safe deposit box quarterly. Critical business databases might be backed up to magnetic tape on a daily (or more frequent) basis.Make database backups part of your regular safe computing routine.You may wish to optionally encrypt your database backups if your database contains sensitive information. This is a great idea if you plan to store it remotely.

Sleepwalking Disorder For Psychology II Undergraduate Degree Class Essay

Sleepwalking Disorder For Psychology II Undergraduate Degree Class - Essay Example Sleep walking disorder or somnambulism or noctambulism falls into the category of parasomnias which are actually categorized under sleep disorders. Sleep disorders are the most common problems encountered in psychiatric practice. According to the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), sleep disorders can be classified into 3 types (Bonds & Lucia, 2006): 1. Primary sleep disorders: These occur due to an endogenous disturbance in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms. They are often complicated by behavioral conditioning. Primary sleep disorders are further subdivided into parasomnias and dyssomnias. Parasomnias are disruptive sleep-related disorders characterized by undesirable physical or verbal behaviors or experiences during sleep. These phenomena occur as primary sleep events or secondary to systemic disease. The other disorders categorized under parasomnias are sleep terror disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder (Ackroyd & Cruz, 2007). Sleep walking disorder is more common in children than in adults. The incidence is about 2% world wide (Ackroyd & Cruz, 2007). There is no sex difference noted in the occurrence of symptoms in this disorder. The prevalence is highest at 11-12 years of age (Klackenberg, 1982). The condition is not related to socioeconomic status or race of the individual. Parasomnias are seldom associated with morbidity. Sometimes, children can injure themselves by striking at objects. In adults and adolescents, morbidity may be more severe. Complex behaviors like driving a car, cooking and eating can occur. They can injure others also, especially their partners. Sleep walking disorder can also be comorbid with neuroses, panic disorder, phobias, and suicidal ideations (Ackroyd & Cruz, 2007). In all parasomnias